In the latter half of the 20th century, Western Marxism’s understanding of European integration has been through a process from state-monopoly capitalism to the Amsterdam School, New Gramscism, and the Frankfurt school. In essence the latter three schools are all politico-social or politico-cultural analyses with their core concept being relations of production. Western Marxism’s turn from an economic logic to a sociological one dovetails with similar tendencies in mainstream Western international relations theories. Against the broader background of social science studies, the turn can also be understood through the dialectical relationship between universality logic and particularity logic.